There are different surgical procedures commonly associated with menorrhagia. Hysteroscopic surgery places a small telescopic instrument into the uterine cavity for examination. There are no incisions during the procedure and the tool is inserted through the vagina into the uterus.

Women that suffer from menorrhagia are not only inconvenienced each month, they may experience pain, emotional turmoil and difficulty getting pregnant. Menorrhagia is excessively heaving bleeding during menstruation. It is believed that this is one of the most common menstrual disorder, but it is often hard to diagnose because measuring menstrual flow is difficult. Women may experience a variety of other symptoms as well, and sometimes the heavy flow is a symptom itself. It is more common amongst women suffering from fibroids or cysts on their reproductive organs, and there may be a link to obesity and menorrhagia. In severe cases of menorrhagia, a woman may choose menstrual surgery to cope with her condition.

What Is It?

There are different surgical procedures commonly associated with menorrhagia. Hysteroscopic surgery places a small telescopic instrument into the uterine cavity for examination. There are no incisions during the procedure and the tool is inserted through the vagina into the uterus. The doctor is able to remove scar tissue, polyps, and small fybroid tumors. This procedure stops or reduces menstrual flow and preserves fertility. It is safer than a traditional hysterectomy, and in most cases, has less side effects.

A second minimally invasive option is laparoscopic surgery. In this procedure a thin, fiber-optic tube with a tiny video camera on the end of it is inserted into the uterus through a small incision in the navel. It is then guided to the problem area. The surgeon then inserts tiny surgical instruments through another small incision to perform the operation.

A third form of surgery, which is known as Uterine Balloon Ablation, or roller ball surgery, destroys the uterine lining of women that suffer excessive blood flow. It is an outpatient procedure, and many women experience only minor cramping as a result of the surgery. Some require only a 24 hour recovery period and most are back to a relatively normal life within a week. It is necessary to refrain from exercise and strenuous activity for 3-4 weeks. This procedure does carry the risk of sterility, but if someone intends to be sterile following the procedure, it is recommended that a tubal ligation be performed simultaneously.

Who Needs It?

Women that suffer from heavy menstrual bleeding are prime candidates for the surgery. While menorrhagia is not often a dangerous condition, severe cases of it can lead to anemia. Women suffering from fibroids and polyps are also candidates for the procedure. In the case of hysteroscopy surgery, women that still have a desire to conceive will most often be recommended for that procedure in lieu of other options.

Benefits

The major benefit of menstrual surgery is that more often than not, it will put an end to the condition. Women that suffer from a variety of menstrual disorders will benefit from surgery. The effects of suffering from fibroids, polyps and scar tissue can be limiting and unpleasant. Women may see a boost in their sex lives, confidence, and overall health once they have remedied the menstrual disorder that was plaguing them.

The majority of the non-invasive procedures is that there is minimal recovery time and many women are able to return home the same day. There is less pain and because there are no incisions, the risk of infection may be reduced as well.

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Transitioning from a biologically female state to a male identity can be a very complicated or very simple procedure. Depending on the preferences of the individual patient, it can involve simply cross dressing to appear as the opposite sex or include hormone replacement, chest reconstruction and, in the most extreme cases, a full genital sex change.

Hormone Replacement Therapy for Female-to-Male Transsexuals

In general, transitioning from a biologically female state to a male appearance involves the use of extensive hormone therapy. This procedure, which must be performed with the careful supervision of a physician, is similar to traditional male hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and is one of the biggest steps that can be taken to transition to a male appearance that matches the patient’s gender identity.

Hormone replacement therapy for transsexual men generally involves shots, patches, pills or skin implants. These treatments, which vary widely in their cost, generally increase the amount of testosterone in the body. Other forms of female-to-male HRT do not use testosterone, instead relying on steroid-like compounds or “ando pro-hormones,” which encourage the patient’s body to produce its own testosterone.

This process produces a male-like appearance, often leading to the growth of more facial and body hair and increased muscle mass. In general, it also causes menstruation to stop within five months and the clitoris to enlarge. This transition is usually the first, and sometimes the only, step taken when undergoing a female-to-male sex change.

Hormone replacement therapy for transsexual men has some drawbacks, including the tendency to aggravate cardiovascular disease and cause psychological disruptions. Many transsexual men undergoing HRT report mood swings and aggressive outbursts. Unless a hysterectomy is also performed, many are also at risk of developing endometrial, ovarian or uterine cancers.

Chest Reconstruction for Female-to-Male Transsexuals

Because genital surgery is often prohibitively expensive, complicated or unsuccessful, many transsexual men opt to have “top” surgery only, which usually involves the removal and reshaping of the breasts. Cosmetic breast surgery performed on female-to-male transsexuals usually involves a full mastectomy. Although care is taken to prevent scarring, many transsexual men experience scarring on both sides of the chest.

During chest reconstruction surgery, fatty tissue is removed from a single incision on each breast. The areola (the dark part of the breast) is then shrunk and placed as a graft on a different part of the chest, where it is dressed carefully with sterile bandages. Usually, the surgery is not particularly painful and daily activities can be resumed within a week.

In general, chest reconstruction surgery is the easiest and most successful part of a female-to-male sex change. The chests of transsexual men are usually almost identical to the chests of biological men, with the only key difference being mild scarring on each side of the chest. The majority of transsexual men are very satisfied with the results of this surgery.

Genital Modification for Female-to-Male Transsexuals

The most complicated step in a female-to-male sex change, genital modification, can occur in a variety of forms, with varying degrees of complexity and complication. The simplest form of female-to-male sex change surgery includes the removal of the vaginal canal (by sewing it shut), which is a procedure that usually takes place only if the patient has already had a full hysterectomy. Hysterectomies that involve the removal of the uterus and ovaries are also often performed to eliminate female hormones.

Phalloplasty, or a penis construction, is also a common procedure for female-to-male sex reassignment. With all forms of phalloplasty, the labia are joined together to form the appearance of a scrotum. Implants, which are designed to look and feel like testicles, are sometimes placed inside this new scrotum. A new penis is then constructed using a variety of different methods.

Another method known as metoidioplasty creates a new penis from the clitoris. Tissue from the labia or another part of the body can then be used to make it slightly larger. This usually results in a small penis when compared to the penis of a biological man.

Another popular genital modification used to create a penis involves the insertion of a tissue graft from the leg, arm or abdomen. This can incorporate unneeded muscles or even small bones, from other parts of the body, to create a relatively large phallus. This surgery is quite complicated in some cases but can create a penis up to seven inches in length of surprisingly normal appearance.

Phalloplasties can also involve the additional use of an erectile implant to enable erection and sexual penetration. These implants can be simple, rod-like prosthetics or very complex pumping mechanisms. The urethra can also be directed, often in a separate surgery, to flow into the new penis. While this adds complexity to the procedure, it is an important aspect of a sex change for many transsexual men.

Other surgical alterations undergone by transsexual men include facial implants, pectoral-muscle chest implants and body contouring with liposuction. These procedures, often far more simple than the others involved in the transition, can contribute to the patient’s male appearance.

Depending on the patient’s own circumstances, a female-to-male transsexual might choose to undergo most, many, a few or none of the procedures described. While some transsexual men are content and satisfied without any surgical or hormonal alteration, others may be willing to undergo the risks associated with gender reassignment treatments in order to confirm and experience the physical sensations of male biology.

For more information on transgender issues and health, try the following links:
American Educational Gender Information Service
Transgender on Wikipedia
Transgender Organizations on GenderAdvocates.com

If you are considering cosmetic or plastic surgery procedures, Yodle Local can help you find a plastic surgeon near you.

The information in the article is not intended to substitute for the medical expertise and advice of your health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care an appropriate health care provider.

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